10/27/2022 0 Comments Control joy division vostfr stream![]() PKDL cases are highly infectious because the nodular lesions contain many parasites 9, and such cases are the putative reservoir for anthroponotic VL between epidemic cycles. ![]() The interval between treated VL and PKDL is 0–6 months in Sudan and 6 months to 3 years in India. It can also occur in immunosuppressed individuals in L. PKDL is characterized by a macular, maculo-papular or nodular rash and is a complication of VL that is frequently observed after treatment in Sudan and more rarely in other East African countries and in the Indian subcontinent 8. infantum transmission whereas anthroponotic VL is found in areas of L. In the former, humans are occasional hosts and animals, mainly dogs, are the reservoir of the parasite 7. There are two types of VL, which differ in their transmission characteristics: zoonotic VL is transmitted from animal to vector to human and anthroponotic VL is transmitted from human to vector to human. donovani sensu stricto in East Africa and the Indian subcontinent and Leishmania infantum in Europe, North Africa and Latin America 5, 6 ( Fig. VL is a systemic disease that is fatal if left untreated and is caused by the Leishmania donovani complex - L. Leishmania braziliensis is responsible for most cases of muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis. These lesions are not self-healing and are usually seen months or years after a first episode of cutaneous leishmaniasis, when the macrophages of the naso-oropharyngeal mucosa become colonized. In muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis, patients suffer from progressively destructive ulcerations of the mucosa, extending from the nose and mouth to the pharynx and larynx. The ulcers heal spontaneously - although slowly - in immunocompetent individuals, but cause disfiguring scars. ![]() ![]() Different species of Leishmania can infect the macrophages in the dermis, with variable clinical presentations and prognoses 3, 4. In cutaneous leishmaniasis, the patient generally presents with one or several ulcer(s) or nodule(s) in the skin. Leishmaniasis consists of four main clinical syndromes: cutaneous leishmaniasis muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis (also known as espundia) visceral leishmaniasis (VL also known as kala-azar) and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) ( Fig. ![]()
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